English Rivision Notes class 12

Revision Notes

PART-A: READING COMPREHENSION

CHAPTER-1 UNSEEN PASSAGES

Introduction

➤ The word 'comprehension' means to fully understand the text using one's intellect. A comprehension passage is a text set for testing the reader's ability to comprehend (understand) the meaning being implied by the text and the theme of that particular passage. Students need to fully understand the text by using their intellect.

➤ Questions based on a passage generally appear in a chronological relationship with the passage. Usually, the first question has the answer in the initial paragraphs and so on, but if the answers are inferential, then the matter might have to be collected from various paragraphs and for this, one needs to be familiar with the entire

Passage.

TYPES OF COMPREHENSION PASSAGE:

➤ Discursive Passages: These passages involve an opinion.

They have a logical flow and are argumentative or persuasive in nature. They may also include Literary Passages which are the extracts from a literary piece.

➤ Case-based Factual Passages: These passages convey vivid information about a particular subject. These passages report about an event new finding. They can also provide instructions or even descriptions of something.

The complete information is conveyed through visual inputs, graphs or even reports.

Fundamental Facts

Read the entire sentence together to make out the sense or meaning.

Infer the meaning of the difficult words through the context clues. Any option that is distracting you out of the passage is never the correct answer. The right answer is always based on the information given within the passage. Try to draw inferences from the given statistics rather than focussing on the numbers.

Mnemonics

Technique to solve the passage:

Mnemonic: ROAST

Interpretations:

R: Read the passage silently.

O: Organise your understanding by getting hold of the theme.

A: Avoid distractors, examples ilustrations. Focus on the stem of the questions.

S: Spot the key words of the questions in the passage to identify the correct answer.

T: Trigger words, like 'but or however', are used only to confuse. So avoid focusing on them.

Remember...

1. Look for the main idea in the passage provided.

2. Write a summary of what you read. Break up the reading into smaller sections.

Pace yourself.

5. Eliminate distractions by looking for the main idea.

6. Finally sum up what you read.

SECTION-B: CREATIVE WRITING SKILLS

CHAPTER-2

SHORT AND LONG WRITING TASKS

Topic-1

Notice Writing

Concepts Covered Format and Layout of Notice How to write a Notice?

Introduction

Notices are short compositions written to convey some information or make a formal announcement about some events like change of name. They are simple and lucid in style. The notices are either posted on the noticeboard meant for the purpose or given in a newspaper.

Some Useful Tips

Notice carries 4 marks.

It usually begins with This is to inform' or 'It is hereby informed that'.

The content must include complete information. It must include the 7 W's: who, what, where, why, when, in what way and for whom.off should have a signature, name and designation of the person in charge.

The signing The word limit should not exceed 50 words.

The word NOTICE along with a proper title and the issuing organisation should be mentioned.

Date of issuing the notice should be mentioned.

The purpose of the notice should be very clear.

It must be written in a box.

The language used must be lucid and formal. It must be written in the third person, i.e., pronouns like I, you, me, mine, your, our, etc. must not be used. Choice of tense will depend on the nature of the notice, e.g., in a notice announcing an event, future time reference will be used more than any other tense forms.

Notices can be categorised under the following heads:

1. Meeting:

Date, Time, Place

Agenda, Purpose, Objective Chief

Presiding person (if any) Additional information, Con-tact address

2. Events:

Name

Objective, Occasion

Date, Time, Duration, Venue Who can participate, Additional information (if any) Contact address

Fundamental Facts

1. Passive voice should be used to write a Notice.

3. Lost & Found:

Name of the article lost or found Date, place and time

2. In a Notice, use short sentences. and simple words.

Specific marks for identification Contents Whom, when, where to contact

3. Do not use flowery text or fancy words in a Notice.

4. Tours & Camps:

Objective

Name of the Club/Association

Duration

Name of the destination

Occasion

Expenditure

Additional information (if any) Contact address

Format

The Word 'Notice' in capital

Name of the organisation that is issuing the notice

On which date the notice is issued

What is the notice about

Body

Name of the Institution/Organisation

→ NOTICE

Date

→ Heading/Subject

This is to inform.

Date:

Time:

Venue:

Person writing the notice

Sign

For further details contact the undersigned

(Full name) (Designation)

Topic-2

Invitations & Replies

Concepts Covered Format and Layout of Invitation & Reply How to write Invitations

& Replies

Formal Invitation Format:

Mr. & Mrs. Sharma

request(s) the pleasure of your benign presence on the auspicious occasion of NAME OF THE EVENT (Marriage/Engagement/House Warming/Baby Showering, etc.) 17th February at Kaka Vatika, Delhi Road Faridabad (Haryana)

On

RSVP

With Best Compliments from: All relatives & friends

Mr. & Mrs. Sharma

Dhone: 98YYY